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Boneca Barbie 28 Best Fashion Friend

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Fashion doll make by Mattel

This commodity is nearly the fashion doll and make. For other uses, see Barbie (disambiguation).

Barbie
Barbie Logo.svg
First advent March ix, 1959; 62 years ago  (1959-03-09)
Created by Ruth Handler
In-universe information
Full proper noun Barbara Millicent Roberts
Nickname Barbie
Occupation See: Barbie'due south careers
Family Run into: List of Barbie's friends and family

Barbie is a fashion doll manufactured by the American toy company Mattel, Inc. and launched in March 1959. American baron Ruth Handler is credited with the cosmos of the doll using a German doll called Bild Lilli as her inspiration.

Barbie is the figurehead of a brand of Mattel dolls and accessories, including other family members and collectible dolls. Barbie has been an important part of the toy way doll market place for over sixty years, and has been the subject of numerous controversies and lawsuits, often involving parodies of the doll and her lifestyle. Mattel has sold over a billion Barbie dolls, making it the company's largest and most profitable line.[1]

The Barbie doll brand has expanded into a media franchise, including a long-running series of animated films that began in 2001. From 2002 to 2017, the films were aired regularly on the Nickelodeon cable channel.[ii]

Barbie and her boyfriend Ken have been described as 2 most pop dolls in the world.[3] The doll has transformed the toy concern in affluent communities worldwide by becoming a vehicle for the sale of related merchandise (accessories, wearing apparel, friends of Barbie, etc.). Writing for Journal of Popular Civilisation in 1977, Don Richard Cox noted that Barbie has a significant touch on social values past conveying characteristics of female independence, and with her multitude of accessories, an arcadian upscale life-style that tin exist shared with flush friends.[4]

Sales of Barbie dolls started to decline sharply from 2014 to 2016.[1] In 2020, Mattel sold $1.35 billion worth of Barbie dolls and accessories and this was their all-time sales growth in ii decades. This is an increase from the $950 million the brand sold during 2017.[5]

History

The first Barbie doll was introduced in both blonde and brunette on March 9, 1959.

Ruth Handler watched her daughter Barbara play with paper dolls, and noticed that she often enjoyed giving them adult roles. At the time, virtually children's toy dolls were representations of infants. Realizing that there could be a gap in the marketplace, Handler suggested the thought of an developed-bodied doll to her husband Elliot, a co-founder of the Mattel toy company. He was unenthusiastic about the thought, as were Mattel'southward directors.[half dozen]

During a trip to Europe in 1956 with her children Barbara and Kenneth, Ruth Handler came across a German toy doll called Bild Lilli.[seven] The adult-figured doll was exactly what Handler had in listen, and then she purchased iii of them. She gave one to her daughter and took the others back to Mattel. The Lilli doll was based on a popular character appearing in a comic strip drawn by Reinhard Beuthin for the newspaper Bild. Lilli was a blonde bombshell, a working girl who knew what she wanted and was not higher up using men to get information technology. The Lilli doll was first sold in Germany in 1955, and although it was initially sold to adults, it became popular with children who enjoyed dressing her up in outfits that were available separately.[8]

Upon her return to the United States, Handler redesigned the doll (with aid from local inventor-designer Jack Ryan) and the doll was given a new proper noun, Barbie, after Handler'south daughter Barbara. The doll made its debut at the American International Toy Off-white in New York Metropolis on March 9, 1959.[9] This date is also used as Barbie's official altogether.

The get-go Barbie doll wore a blackness-and-white zebra striped swimsuit and signature topknot ponytail, and was available as either a blonde or brunette. The doll was marketed every bit a "Teen-age Mode Model", with her clothes created by Mattel fashion designer Charlotte Johnson. The first Barbie dolls were manufactured in Nihon, with their dress hand-stitched by Japanese homeworkers. Around 350,000 Barbie dolls were sold during the first twelvemonth of production.[10]

Louis Marx and Visitor sued Mattel in March 1961. After licensing Lilli, they claimed that Mattel had "infringed on Greiner & Hausser's patent for Bild-Lilli'south hip joint, and also claimed that Barbie was "a direct take-off and re-create" of Bild-Lilli. The company additionally claimed that Mattel "falsely and misleadingly represented itself as having originated the pattern". Mattel counter-claimed and the case was settled out of court in 1963. In 1964, Mattel bought Greiner & Hausser'southward copyright and patent rights for the Bild-Lilli doll for $21,600.[xi] [12]

Ruth Handler believed that it was important for Barbie to have an developed appearance, and early market enquiry showed that some parents were unhappy nigh the doll's chest, which had distinct breasts. Barbie's appearance has been inverse many times, most notably in 1971 when the doll'due south optics were adjusted to wait forrard rather than having the demure sideways glance of the original model. This would exist the last improvement Ruth would make to her ain cosmos every bit, three years after, she and her husband Elliot were removed from their posts at Mattel after an investigation establish them guilty of issuing simulated and misleading fiscal reports.[xiii]

Barbie was one of the first toys to accept a marketing strategy based extensively on television advertising, which has been copied widely by other toys. It is estimated that over a billion Barbie dolls take been sold worldwide in over 150 countries, with Mattel claiming that three Barbie dolls are sold every second.[fourteen]

The standard range of Barbie dolls and related accessories are manufactured to approximately i/6 calibration, which is also known as playscale.[15] The standard dolls are approximately 11½ inches tall.

Appearances in media/multimedia franchises

Since the mid-to-tardily 1980s, Barbie-branded products included not but the range of dolls with their clothes and accessories, but also a large range of branded goods such every bit books, apparel, cosmetics, and video games. Barbie has had a multimedia franchise starting with Barbie in the Nutcracker in 2001, when she began appearing in a serial of computer-blithe films[sixteen] which were distributed on abode video/straight-to-video formats, and since 2013, on Blu-ray, as well every bit airing on the American Nickelodeon cable channel and its global channel versions) until 2017.[2] Dreamhouse]].

As of 2013, the Barbie direct-to-video films have sold over 110 meg units worldwide.[17] Before the films, the brand had two idiot box specials released in 1987 in response to the rise in digital media at that time; Barbie and the Rockers: Out of This World and Barbie and the Sensations: Rockin' Dorsum to World, every bit well as inspiring a hitting europop dance song, "Barbie Girl" (1997) by Aqua. She was also a supporting character in the Kelly Dream Lodge Tv set serial which aired in 2002, the My Scene films, Pixar'south Toy Story films; specifically its 2d and 3rd sequels, and Dreamtopia, which focuses on the adventures of her little sister, Chelsea.

Legacy and influence

Barbie has get a cultural icon and has been given honors that are rare in the toy world. In 1974, a section of Times Square in New York Metropolis was renamed Barbie Boulevard for a calendar week. The Musée des Arts Décoratifs, Paris at the Louvre held a Barbie exhibit in 2016. The showroom featured 700 Barbie dolls over two floors as well as works by gimmicky artists and documents (newspapers, photos, video) that contextualize Barbie.[eighteen]

In 1986, the artist Andy Warhol created a painting of Barbie. The painting sold at auction at Christie'due south, London for $one.1 one thousand thousand. In 2015, The Andy Warhol Foundation then teamed upwardly with Mattel to create an Andy Warhol Barbie.[xix] [20]

Outsider creative person Al Carbee took thousands of photographs of Barbie and created countless collages and dioramas featuring Barbie in various settings.[21] Carbee was the subject area of the feature-length documentary Magical Universe. Carbee'south collage art was presented in the 2016 Barbie exhibit at the Musée des Arts Décoratifs, Paris in the section about visuals artists who have been inspired past Barbie.[22]

In 2013, in Taiwan, the first Barbie-themed restaurant called "Barbie Café" opened under the Sinlaku group.[23]

The Economist has emphasized the importance of Barbie to children'southward imagination:

From her early days as a teenage fashion model, Barbie has appeared as an astronaut, surgeon, Olympic athlete, downhill skier, aerobics teacher, TV news reporter, vet, stone star, doctor, army officer, air forcefulness pilot, summit diplomat, rap musician, presidential candidate (political party undefined), baseball game thespian, scuba diver, lifeguard, fire-fighter, engineer, dentist, and many more. ... When Barbie first burst into the toy shops, just as the 1960s were breaking, the doll marketplace consisted generally of babies, designed for girls to cradle, stone and feed. By creating a doll with adult features, Mattel enabled girls to become anything they want.[24]

On September vii, 2021, following the debut of the streaming television film Barbie: Big Urban center, Big Dreams on Netflix, Barbie joined forces with Grammy Award-nominated music producer, songwriter, singer and actress Ester Dean and Girls Make Beats – an organisation dedicated to expanding the female presence of music producers, DJs and sound engineers – to inspire more than girls to explore a future in music production.[25] [26] [27]

50th anniversary

In 2009, Barbie celebrated her 50th birthday. The celebrations included a runway testify in New York for the Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week.[28] The upshot showcased fashions contributed by fifty well-known haute couturiers including Diane von Fürstenberg, Vera Wang, Calvin Klein, Bob Mackie, and Christian Louboutin.[29] [30]

Fictional biography

Farther information and

Barbie'due south full name is Barbara Millicent Roberts. In a series of novels published past Random House in the 1960s, her parents' names are given every bit George and Margaret Roberts from the fictional town of Willows, Wisconsin.[31] [32] In the Random House novels, Barbie attended Willows High School; while in the Generation Girl books, published by Gilded Books in 1999, she attended the fictional Manhattan International Loftier School in New York Urban center (based on the real-life Stuyvesant Loftier School).[33]

She has an on-off romantic relationship with her boyfriend Ken ("Ken Carson"), who showtime appeared in 1961. A news release from Mattel in February 2004 announced that Barbie and Ken had decided to dissever up,[34] merely in February 2006, they were hoping to rekindle their relationship afterwards Ken had a makeover.[35] In 2011, Mattel launched a campaign for Ken to win Barbie'due south angel dorsum.[36] The pair officially reunited in Valentine'south Day 2011.[37] As at the release of Barbie Dreamhouse Adventures, the pair are seen equally just friends or next-door neighbours.

Barbie has had over 40 pets including cats and dogs, horses, a panda, a lion cub, and a zebra. She has endemic a broad range of vehicles, including pinkish Beetle and Corvette convertibles, trailers, and Jeeps. She too holds a pilot's license, and operates commercial airliners in addition to serving equally a flight attendant. Barbie'south careers are designed to bear witness that women can take on a multifariousness of roles in life, and the doll has been sold with a broad range of titles including Miss Astronaut Barbie (1965), Doctor Barbie (1988), and Nascar Barbie (1998).

Mattel has created a range of companions for Barbie, including Hispanic Teresa, Midge, African American Christie, and Steven (Christie'due south boyfriend). Barbie'due south siblings and cousins were too created including Skipper, Todd and Stacie (twin brother and sister), Kelly, Krissy, and Francie. Barbie was friendly with Blaine, an Australian surfer, during her split with Ken in 2004.[38]

Controversies

"Black Barbies" redirects hither. For the Nicki Minaj vocal, see Blackness Barbies (song).

Body paradigm

From the start, some have complained that "the blonde, plastic doll conveyed an unrealistic body prototype to girls."[39]

Criticisms of Barbie are often centered effectually concerns that children consider Barbie a function model and will attempt to emulate her. Ane of the most common criticisms of Barbie is that she promotes an unrealistic idea of body prototype for a immature woman, leading to a risk that girls who attempt to emulate her will become anorexic. Unrealistic body proportions in Barbie dolls accept been continued to some eating disorders in children.[40] [41] [42] [43]

A standard Barbie doll is eleven.five inches tall, giving a height of 5 feet 9 inches at 1/6 scale. Barbie'due south vital statistics have been estimated at 36 inches (chest), eighteen inches (waist) and 33 inches (hips). According to research by the Academy Central Infirmary in Helsinki, Finland, she would lack the 17 to 22 percent body fat required for a adult female to menstruate.[44] In 1963, the outfit "Barbie Baby-Sits" came with a book entitled How to Lose Weight which advised: "Don't eat!".[45] The same book was included in some other ensemble chosen Sleep Political party" in 1965 along with a pink bath scale permanently set at 110 lbs.,[45] which would be around 35 lbs. underweight for a adult female 5 anxiety 9 inches tall.[46] Mattel said that the waist of the Barbie doll was made small because the waistbands of her clothes, along with their seams, snaps, and zippers, added bulk to her effigy.[47] In 1997, Barbie's body mold was redesigned and given a wider waist, with Mattel proverb that this would brand the doll improve suited to gimmicky way designs.[48] [49]

In 2016, Mattel introduced a range of new trunk types: 'tall', 'petite', and 'curvy', releasing them exclusively as part of the Barbie Fashionistas line. 'Curvy Barbie' received a great deal of media attention[50] [51] [52] and fifty-fifty made the embrace of Time magazine with the headline "Now Tin We Stop Talking About My Torso?".[53] Despite the curvy doll'south body shape existence equivalent to a Us size iv in clothing,[50] some children reportedly regarded her as "fat".[53] [54] The doll'south reception by adults was also politicized, with tensions between feminists who suggested the doll was as well thin to be considered "curvy" and conservatives who claimed information technology was a "frumpy thunderthigh-sporting [...] product of a social justice warrior'southward fantasies."[55]

Although Barbie had been criticized for its unrealistic-looking "tall and petite" dolls, the company has been offer more dolls fix to more than realistic standards in order to help promote a positive body image.[56]

  • Barbie'southward waist has been widened in more recent versions of the doll.

  • Back encompass of the vintage booklet entitled How to Lose Weight, stating "Don't Eat!".

  • Bathroom scale from 1965, permanently prepare at 110 lbs.

  • Oreo Fun Barbie from 1997 became controversial after a negative interpretation of the doll's proper name.

Diverseness

Complaints also point to a lack of variety in the line.[57] Mattel responded to these criticisms. Starting in 1980, it produced Hispanic dolls, and later came models from across the world. For example, in 2007, information technology introduced "Cinco de Mayo Barbie" wearing a ruffled red, white, and green dress (echoing the Mexican flag). Hispanic mag reports that:

[O]ne of the well-nigh dramatic developments in Barbie'south history came when she embraced multi-culturalism and was released in a wide variety of native costumes, pilus colors and skin tones to more closely resemble the girls who idolized her. Amidst these were Cinco De Mayo Barbie, Spanish Barbie, Peruvian Barbie, Mexican Barbie and Puerto Rican Barbie. She likewise has had shut Hispanic friends, such as Teresa.[58]

More than recently, Professor Emilie Rose Aguilo-Perez has argued that over time, Mattel shifted from ambiguous Hispanic presentations in their dolls to ane that is more than believing in its "Latinx" marketing and product labeling.[59]

"Colored Francie" made her debut in 1967, and she is sometimes described as the first African American Barbie doll. However, she was produced using the existing head molds for the white Francie doll and lacked African characteristics other than a nighttime peel. The first African American doll in the Barbie range is usually regarded as Christie, who made her debut in 1968.[60] [61] Black Barbie was launched in 1980 merely still had Caucasian features. In 1990, Mattel created a focus grouping with African American children and parents, early childhood specialists, and clinical psychologist, Darlene Powell Hudson. Instead of using the same molds for the Caucasian Barbies, new ones were created. In addition, facial features, skin tones, pilus texture, and names were all contradistinct. The torso shapes looked different, but the proportions were the same to ensure clothing and accessories were interchangeable.[62] In September 2009, Mattel introduced the And then In Fashion range, which was intended to create a more realistic depiction of African American people than previous dolls.[63] In 2016, Mattel expanded this line to include seven skin tones, twenty-two eye colors, and twenty-four hairstyles. Office of the reason for this modify was due to declining sales.[64]

Mattel teamed upward with Nabisco to launch a cantankerous-promotion of Barbie with Oreo cookies. Oreo Fun Barbie was marketed as someone with whom immature girls could play subsequently grade and share "America's favorite cookie". Every bit had get the custom, Mattel manufactured both a white and a black version. Critics argued that in the African American customs, Oreo is a derogatory term meaning that the person is "black on the outside and white on the within", like the chocolate sandwich cookie itself. The doll was unsuccessful and Mattel recalled the unsold stock, making it sought afterwards by collectors.[65]

In May 1997, Mattel introduced Share a Smiling Becky, a doll in a pink wheelchair. Kjersti Johnson, a 17-year-old high school student in Tacoma, Washington with cerebral palsy, pointed out that the doll would not fit into the elevator of Barbie's $100 Dream House. Mattel announced that it would redesign the firm in the future to accommodate the doll.[66] [67]

In 2010, Barbie has besides been criticized for a children's book called Barbie: I Tin Be A Computer Engineer, which portrayed Barbie as a game designer who was non technically sophisticated and needed boys' help to do game programming. The company and then promptly responded to criticism on gender role stereotypes past redesigning a "Computer Engineer Barbie" who was a game developer rather than designer.[68]

Since 1980, when Mattel introduced the first Black Barbie, the make at present offers over 22 skin tones, 94 pilus colors, 13 middle colors and five body types.[5]

Bad influence concerns

In July 1992, Mattel released Teen Talk Barbie, which spoke a number of phrases including "Volition we ever accept enough apparel?", "I honey shopping!", and "Wanna have a pizza party?" Each doll was programmed to say four out of 270 possible phrases, then that no two given dolls were likely to be the same (the number of possible combinations is 270!/(266!4!) = 216,546,345). One of these 270 phrases was "Math class is tough!", which led to criticism from the American Association of Academy Women; about 1.5% of all the dolls sold said the phrase. In October 1992, Mattel announced that Teen Talk Barbie would no longer say "Math class is tough!", and offered a swap to anyone who owned a doll that did.[69]

In 2002, Mattel introduced a line of pregnant Midge (and infant) dolls, merely this Happy Family unit line was chop-chop pulled from the market due to complaints that she promoted teen pregnancy, though by that time, Barbie's friend Midge was supposed to be a married adult.[70]

In September 2003, the Eye Eastern state of Saudi arabia outlawed the sale of Barbie dolls and franchises, stating that they did non conform to the ideals of Islam. The Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice warned, "Jewish Barbie dolls, with their revealing clothes and shameful postures, accessories and tools are a symbol of decadence to the perverted West. Allow u.s. beware of her dangers and be careful."[71] The 2003 Saudi ban was temporary.[72] In Muslim-majority nations, in that location is an alternative doll called Fulla, which was introduced in November 2003 and is equivalent to Barbie, but is designed specifically to correspond traditional Islamic values. Fulla is not manufactured by Mattel (although Mattel even so licenses Fulla dolls and franchises for sale in certain markets), and (every bit of January 2021) the "Jewish" Barbie brand is still available in other Muslim-majority countries including Arab republic of egypt and Indonesia.[73] In Iran, the Sara and Dara dolls, which were introduced in March 2002, are available equally an culling to Barbie, even though they have not been every bit successful.[74]

In Nov 2014, Mattel received criticism over the book I Tin can Be a Figurer Engineer, which depicted Barbie as being inept at computers and requiring that her ii male friends complete all of the necessary tasks to restore ii laptops later on she accidentally infects her and her sister's laptop with a malware-laced USB wink drive.[75] Critics complained that the book was sexist, as other books in the I Tin Be... series depicted Barbie as someone who was competent in those jobs and did not require outside assistance from others.[76] Mattel later on removed the volume from auction on Amazon in response to the criticism.[77]

Safety concerns

In March 2000, stories appeared in the media challenge that the hard vinyl used in vintage Barbie dolls could leak toxic chemicals, causing danger to children playing with them. The merits was described as an overreaction by Joseph Prohaska, a professor at the University of Minnesota Duluth. A modern Barbie doll has a body made from ABS plastic, while the caput is made from soft PVC.[78] [79]

In July 2010, Mattel released "Barbie Video Girl", a Barbie doll with a pinhole video camera in its chest, enabling clips of up to 30 minutes to be recorded, viewed, and uploaded to a computer via a USB cable. On November xxx, 2010, the FBI issued a warning in a private memo that the doll could be used to produce child pornography, although information technology stated publicly that there was "no reported testify that the doll had been used in any way other than intended."[80] [81]

In March 2015, concerns were raised about a version of the doll chosen "Hello Barbie", which can concord conversations with a child using spoken communication recognition technology. The doll transmits data back to a service chosen ToyTalk, which co-ordinate to Forbes, has a terms of service and privacy policy that permit it to "share audio recordings with third party vendors who help u.s.a. with speech recognition", and states that "recordings and photos may likewise be used for inquiry and evolution purposes, such as to improve speech recognition engineering and bogus intelligence algorithms and create meliorate amusement experiences."[82]

"Role model Barbies"

In March 2018, in time for International Women's Twenty-four hour period, Mattel unveiled the "Barbie Celebrates Office Models" campaign with a line of 17 dolls, informally known as "sheroes", from diverse backgrounds "to showcase examples of extraordinary women".[83] [84] Mattel developed this collection in response to mothers concerned well-nigh their daughters having positive female role models.[83] Dolls in this drove include Frida Kahlo, Patti Jenkins, Chloe Kim, Nicola Adams, Ibtihaj Muhammad, Bindi Irwin, Amelia Earhart, Misty Copeland, Helene Darroze, Katherine Johnson, Sara Gama, Martyna Wojciechowska, Gabby Douglas, Guan Xiaotong, Ava Duvernay, Yuan Yuan Tan, Iris Apfel, Ashley Graham and Leyla Piedayesh.[83] In 2020, the company announced a new release of "shero" dolls, including Paralympic champion Madison de Rozario.[85] In July 2021, Mattel released a Naomi Osaka Barbie doll as a part of the 'Barbie Office Model' series. Osaka originally partnered with Barbie 2 years earlier.[86] A month earlier, a Julie Bishop doll was released to acknowledge the onetime Australian politician,[87] equally was ane for general practitioner Kirby White for her piece of work during the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia.[88]

Collecting

Mattel estimates that there are well over 100,000 avid Barbie collectors. Ninety per centum are women, at an average age of xl, purchasing more than than xx Barbie dolls each year. Forty-five percent of them spend upwards of $1000 a yr. Vintage Barbie dolls from the early years are the almost valuable at auction, and while the original Barbie was sold for $three.00 in 1959, a mint boxed Barbie from 1959 sold for $3552.50 on eBay in October 2004.[89] On September 26, 2006, a Barbie doll ready a earth record at auction of £9,000 sterling (U.s.a.$17,000) at Christie's in London. The doll was a Barbie in Midnight Red from 1965 and was function of a private drove of 4,000 Barbie dolls beingness sold by two Dutch women, Ietje Raebel and her daughter Marina.[xc]

In recent years, Mattel has sold a wide range of Barbie dolls aimed specifically at collectors, including porcelain versions, vintage reproductions, and depictions of Barbie as a range of characters from moving-picture show and television series such equally The Munsters and Star Trek.[91] [92] There are as well collector's edition dolls depicting Barbie dolls with a range of different indigenous identities.[93] In 2004, Mattel introduced the Colour Tier system for its collector's edition Barbie dolls including pinkish, silver, gold, and platinum, depending on how many of the dolls are produced.[94] In 2020, Mattel introduced the Dia De Los Muertos collectible Barbie doll, the second collectible released as role of the visitor's La Catrina line which was launched in 2019.[95]

Parodies and lawsuits

Barbie has frequently been the target of parody:

  • Mattel sued artist Tom Forsythe over a series of photographs called Food Chain Barbie in which Barbie winds up in a blender.[96] [97] [98] Mattel lost the lawsuit and was forced to pay Forsythe's legal costs.[96]
  • In Latin America, notable controversies include a 2018 legal dispute involving the Panama-based Frida Kahlo Corporation's allegations that Frida Kahlo's neat-niece in Mexico had wrongly licensed the Frida Kahlo trademark for the "Frida Kahlo Barbie" doll.[99]
  • Mattel filed a lawsuit in 2004 in the U.South. against Barbara Anderson-Walley, a Canadian business organisation possessor whose nickname is Barbie, over her website, which sells fetish clothing.[100] [101] The lawsuit was dismissed.[96]
  • In 2011, Greenpeace parodied Barbie,[102] calling on Mattel to adopt a policy for its paper purchases that would protect the rainforest. Iv months later, Mattel adopted a paper sustainability policy.[103]
  • The Tonight Prove with Jay Leno displayed a "Barbie Crystal Meth Lab".[ citation needed ]
  • Saturday Night Live aired a parody of the Barbie commercials featuring "Gangsta Bitch Barbie" and "Tupac Ken".[104] In 2002, the show also aired a skit, which starred Britney Spears as Barbie'south sister Skipper.[105]
  • In November 2002, a New York estimate refused an injunction confronting the British-based artist Susanne Pitt, who had produced a "Dungeon Barbie" doll in bondage clothing.[106]
  • Aqua'due south song "Barbie Girl" was the subject of the lawsuit Mattel v. MCA Records, which Mattel lost in 2002, with Judge Alex Kozinski saying that the song was a "parody and a social commentary".[107] [108]
  • Two commercials by automobile company Nissan featuring dolls similar to Barbie and Ken was the subject of another lawsuit in 1997. In the first commercial, a female person doll is lured into a car past a doll resembling Thou.I. Joe to the dismay of a Ken-like doll, accompanied past Van Halen's "Yous Really Got Me".[109] In the second commercial, the "Barbie" doll is saved by the "One thousand.I. Joe" doll after she is accidentally knocked into a swimming pool past the "Ken" doll to Kiss's "Dr. Dear".[110] The makers of the commercial said that the dolls' names were Roxanne, Nick and Tad. Mattel claimed that the commercial did "irreparable impairment" to its products,[111] [112] but settled.[113]
  • In 1999, Canadian nude model Barbie Doll Benson was involved in a trademark infringement instance over her domain proper name, BarbieBenson.com.[114]
  • In 1993, a grouping calling itself the Barbie Liberation Organization secretly modified a group of Barbie dolls by implanting voice boxes from G.I. Joe dolls, and then returning the Barbies to the toy stores from where they were purchased.[115] [116]
  • Malibu Stacy from The Simpsons episode "Lisa vs. Malibu Stacy" (1994).
  • Savior Barbie refers to a satirical Instagram account. Savior Barbie is depicted as being in Africa where she runs an NGO that provides drinking water to locals and makes sure to provide footage that depicts her glorious acts of goodness. The account is probable to take inspired others such equally "Hipster Barbie" and "Socality Barbie".[117] [118]

Contest from Bratz dolls

In June 2001, MGA Entertainment launched the Bratz serial of dolls, a motion that gave Barbie her kickoff serious competition in the fashion doll market place. In 2004, sales figures showed that Bratz dolls were outselling Barbie dolls in the United kingdom, although Mattel maintained that in terms of the number of dolls, wearing apparel, and accessories sold, Barbie remained the leading brand.[119] In 2005, figures showed that sales of Barbie dolls had fallen past 30% in the Us, and by 18% worldwide, with much of the drop being attributed to the popularity of Bratz dolls.[120]

In December 2006, Mattel sued MGA Entertainment for $1 billion, alleging that Bratz creator Carter Bryant was working for Mattel when he developed the idea for Bratz.[121] On July 17, 2008, a federal jury agreed that the Bratz line was created by Carter Bryant while he was working for Mattel and that MGA and its chief executive officeholder Isaac Larian were liable for converting Mattel property for their own use and intentionally interfering with the contractual duties owed by Bryant to Mattel.[122] On August 26, the jury found that Mattel would accept to exist paid $100 meg in amercement. On December 3, 2008, U.S. Commune Judge Stephen Larson banned MGA from selling Bratz. He allowed the company to go along selling the dolls until the winter vacation season ended.[123] [124] On appeal, a stay was granted past the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 9th Circuit; the Court also overturned the Commune Courtroom'south original ruling for Mattel, where MGA Entertainment was ordered to forfeit the unabridged Bratz brand.[125] [126]

Mattel Inc. and MGA Entertainment Inc. returned to courtroom on January eighteen, 2011, to renew their battle over who owns Bratz, which this time includes accusations from both companies that the other side stole trade secrets.[127] On April 21, 2011, a federal jury returned a verdict supporting MGA.[128] On August 5, 2011, Mattel was as well ordered to pay MGA $310 meg for attorney fees, stealing trade secrets, and false claims rather than the $88.5 million issued in April.[129]

In Baronial 2009, MGA introduced a range of dolls chosen Moxie Girlz, intended every bit a replacement for Bratz dolls.[130]

"Barbie syndrome"

"Barbie syndrome" is a term that has been used to depict the want to have a physical appearance and lifestyle representative of the Barbie doll. It is most often associated with pre-teenage and adolescent females but is applicable to any age grouping or gender. A person with Barbie syndrome attempts to emulate the doll'due south concrete appearance, even though the doll has unattainable trunk proportions.[131] This syndrome is seen every bit a form of trunk dysmorphic disorder and results in various eating disorders too every bit an obsession with cosmetic surgery.[132]

Ukrainian model Valeria Lukyanova has received attention from the press, due in part to her appearance having been modified based on the physique of Barbie.[133] [134] She stated that she has only had breast implants and relies heavily on make upwardly and contacts to alter her advent.[135] Similarly, Lacey Wildd, an American reality television receiver personality frequently referred to as "One thousand thousand Dollar Barbie" has also undergone 12 breast augmentation surgeries to become "the extreme Barbie".[136]

Rodrigo Alves, the "Human being Ken Doll", has undergone over £373,000 worth of cosmetic procedures to match the advent of Barbie'south male counterpart. These procedures have included multiple olfactory organ jobs, vi pack ab implants, a buttock lift, and hair and chest implants.[135] Sporting the same nickname, Justin Jedlica, the American man of affairs, has also received multiple cosmetic surgeries to enhance his Ken-like advent.

In 2006, researchers Helga Dittmar, Emma Halliwell, and Suzanne Ive conducted an experiment testing how dolls, including Barbie, bear upon self-image in immature girls. Dittmar, Halliwell, and Ive gave picture books to girls historic period five–8, i with photos of Barbie and the other with photos of Emme, a doll with more than realistic concrete features. The girls were and then asked nearly their ideal body size. Their research found that the girls who were exposed to the images of Barbie had significantly lower self-esteem than the girls who had photos of Emme.[137]

Run into also

  • Creatable Globe
  • Kitty Black Perkins
  • Lammily - a crowd funded alternative adult by Nickolay Lamm
  • My Scene
  • Sindy
  • Superstar: The Karen Carpenter Story
  • The Most Pop Girls in School
  • Totally Hair Barbie

References

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Further reading

  • Best, Joel. "Too Much Fun: Toys as Social Bug and the Interpretation of Culture", Symbolic Interaction 21#2 (1998), pp. 197–212. DOI: x.1525/si.1998.21.ii.197 in JSTOR
  • BillyBoy* (1987). Barbie: Her Life & Times. Crown. ISBN978-0-517-59063-8.
  • Cox, Don Richard. "Barbie and her playmates." Periodical of Popular Civilisation 11#ii (1977): 303–307.
  • Forman-Brunell, Miriam. "Barbie in" LIFE": The Life of Barbie." Periodical of the History of Childhood and Youth ii#3 (2009): 303-311. online
  • Gerber, Robin (2009). Barbie and Ruth: The Story of the World's Nigh Famous Doll and the Woman Who Created Her. Collins Business. ISBN978-0-06-134131-i.
  • Karniol, Rachel, Tamara Stuemler‐Cohen, and Yael Lahav‐Gur. "Who Likes Bratz? The Touch on of Girls' Age and Gender Role Orientation on Preferences for Barbie Versus Bratz." Psychology & Marketing 29#11 (2012): 897-906.
  • Knaak, Silke, "High german Style Dolls of the 50&60". Paperback www.barbies.de.
  • Lord, M. Thou. (2004). Forever Barbie: the unauthorized biography of a real doll. New York: Walker & Co. ISBN978-0-8027-7694-five.
  • Plumb, Suzie, ed. (2005). Guys 'n' Dolls: Art, Science, Manner and Relationships. Regal Pavilion, Art Gallery & Museums. ISBN0-948723-57-2.
  • Rogers, Mary Ann (1999). Barbie culture. London: SAGE Publications. ISBN0-7619-5888-half-dozen.
  • Sherman, Aurora G., and Eileen Fifty. Zurbriggen. "'Boys tin be annihilation': Effect of Barbie play on girls' career cognitions." Sex roles lxx.v-vi (2014): 195-208. online
  • Singleton, Bridget (2000). The Art of Barbie. London: Vision On. ISBN0-9537479-2-i.
  • Weissman, Kristin Noelle. Barbie: The Icon, the Image, the Ideal: An Belittling Interpretation of the Barbie Doll in Pop Civilization (1999).
  • Wepman, Dennis. "Handler, Ruth" American National Biography (2000) online

External links

  • Official website (redirects to the site under Mattel.com)
  • play.barbie.com (the former Barbie.com; only for games and DIY activities.)
  • St. Petersburg Times Floridian: "The doll that has everything – almost", an article by Susan Taylor Martin about the "Muslim Barbie"
  • USA Today: Barbie at number 43 on the list of The 101 Virtually Influential People Who Never Lived
  • The Telegraph: Doll ability: Barbie celebrates 50th anniversary and toy earth authorization
  • NPR Audio Report: Pretty, Plastic Barbie: Forever What Nosotros Make Her
  • Lawmaker Wants Barbie Banned in W.Va.; Local Residents Quickly React Archived Feb 27, 2014, at the Wayback Automobile March iii, 2009
  • New York Times: Barbie: Doll, Icon Or Sexist Symbol? December 23, 1987
  • Barbie'southward 50th – slideshow by The First Mail service
  • BBC News: Mattel shuts flagship Shanghai Barbie concept store March 7, 2011
  • BBC News ane: Making Cindy into Barbie? - BBC News, HEALTH (21 September 1998)
  • CBS News: Condign Barbie: Living Dolls, Real Life Couple Are Models Of Plastic Perfection - by Rebecca Leung (Aug. half dozen, 2004) CBS News
  • Glowka; et al. (2001). "Among the New Words". American Speech. Project MUSE. 76 (1): 79–96. doi:10.1215/00031283-76-1-79.
  • Anna Hart, Introducing the new, realistic Barbie: 'The thigh gap has officially gone', The Telegraph website, Jan 28, 2016

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